Integumentary System

Our integumentary systems has a lot of function in our body such as:

• it protects from invasion of disease producing pathogens
• keeps the body from drying out
• acts as a storage for fatty tissue
• produces vitamin D
• provides sensory input
• regulates body temperature

The mani organ of the integumentary system is the skin, which is the largest oragan it has 3 layers namely.

1. Epidermis- made up of 5-6 layers
2. Dermis-also known as corium or tue skin
3. Sucutaneos Fascia-hypodermis,contains fat

Dermis contains 2 sweat glands, Apocrine and Eccrine

appocrine-secretes at the fair follicles of groins and anal regions as weel as armpits.

eccrine-regulate body temperature.

Integumentary system also includes the Nails and Hair.

Disorders of the Skeletal System

Disorders of the Integumentary System

1. Abrasion-mechanically scraping away a portion of the skin's layer.
2. Acne-oversecretion of sebum
3. Atlehete's Foot-occurs in areas of contionous moisture.
4. Bed Sore-lack of blood flow to skin that has pressure applied.
5. Boil-acute inflammantory
6. Cold Sore-fever blister, herpes simplex virus.
7. Dermititis-inflammatory process caused by irritants
8. Eczema-duperficial form of dermititis.
9. Hives-allergic reaction produces reddened patches.
10. Psoriaris-circular borders.
11. Scabies-caused by egg-laying mites.
12. Shingles-inflammatory condition onvolves nervous system.
13. Skin Cancer- has alot of types some of them are :

• Squamous cell carcinoma-develops depeer into the tissue
• Basal cell carcinoma-can be succesfully treated
• Malignant Melanoma- most serious and least sucessfully treated

Skeletal System Diseases

• Kyphosis- humpback, thorax
• Lordosis-swayback, usually in the lumbar region
• Scoliosis -sideways bend and sway in the spinal column
• Calcification-hardening of cartilage
• Arthritis-inflammatory process of the joints
• Osteoporosis-condition decreasing bone density.

MUSCULAR DiSEASES

Muscular dicseases are dived into two catogories namely

MUCOSKELTAL DiSORDERS and NEUROMUSCULAR DiSEASE

disease under MUCOSKELETAL are:

a. Myalgia- pain or tenderness in a muscle.
b.Fibromyalgia-aches, pains and muscle stiffness of analomical region.
-affects woman under 40
c.Ataxia-irregular action/ lack of coordination.
d.Paralysis-complete or partial loss of muscle function.
-damage in the lower spinal cord.
e.Spasm/Cramps-prolonged contraction of the muscle.
f. Sprains-breaks or tears ligaments.
g.Strains-breaks or tears tendons.
h.Shin Splints-inflammantory condition of the lower leg.
i.Hernia-occurs when there is tear in th muscle wall.
j.Tendinitis-tendons are inflammed.

NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASE is due to the association of nevous and muscular system.

a.Myasthenia Gravis-increasing muscle weakness
b.Muscular Dystrophy-muscle fiber degenerate
-progressive muscle weakness.
c.Guillan-Barre Syndrome-loss of reflexes
d.Tetanus-muscle go into major spasm

Muscular system- came from the latin word mus, "mouse"





It has 3 types:

1.Cardiac-(voluntary) found on the walls on the heart
2.Skeletal-(involuntary) muscles which are attached to the bones
3.Smooth-(voluntary) commonly found on the walls of the internal organ

SKELETAL SYSTEM

Skeletal system is not only the framework of our body. It also has a lot of functions such as its provides protection, allows movement, produces blood cells , stores minerals, and it also helps us to breathe.

It can be classified in to four types; long bones, short bones, flat bones and irregular bones.

Bone tissue has two types compact which are found in the outer layer of the body while Spongy are lined with endosteum.





Cells are nedeed in the formation and growth of bones.


There are 4 types of cells.

• osteoprogenitor- formed in the periosteum, endosteum and central cell


• osteoblast-cells that actually form bones


• osteocytes-originally osteoblats sorround with fat


• osteoclast- tears down bown material.

Joints connects bones to bones it also allows movements. It has three structures namely Fibrous, Cartilage ans Synovial. Synovial can be furtherly divided into & types;

• Saddle- rocks up and down and side and side


• Candyloid-one place to another but no rotation


• Ellipsoidal-two axes of movement


• Pivot joints-rotates


• Ball and socket-rotation


• Hinge-open and close


• Gliding-back and forth

TISSUES

Tissues- is a collection of similar cells acting together to form a function.

tissue has 4 types according to their function

1. epithelial
2. connective
3. muscle
4. nervous

Epithelial tissues cover organ surfaces such as the surface of the skin.
It is also packed together.
We can classify Epithelial tissue through their shape and arrangement.
It has 4 shapes namely Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar and Transitional

Squamous- is flat and scalelike

Cuboidal- is a tissue w/c is cube-shaped. Their width is approximately equal to their height.




Columnar- are tissue w/c are columnlike



Transitional - tissues w/c are variably shaped

Epithelial tissues are arranged into two kinds ; Simple and Stratified
In simple they are arranged in single layer while in stratified they are arranges in several layers.

Connective tissue- is the most common among the tissues. They are found throughout the body. They provide structure and support.

Connective tissues are divided into three;
Areolar tissue-w/c holds organs together
Adipose tissue-also known as fat
Dense connective tissue-they are densely packed and have cordlike structure.

Muscle tissue- are tissue that has the ability to shorten/contract.

it has 3 types

Skeletal muscle-tissues that causes movement by contracting and relaxing.
Cardiac Muscle- are tissues w/c are mostly found on the heart. It is involuntary which means it can't be controlled.
Smooth Muscle- are tissues which are found on the hollow tissues.

the last type of tissue is known as Nervous tissue. Nervous tissues acts as a rapid messenger service for the body.

MiToSiS :)

Our body is made up of cells. Cells consist of 3 major parts namely the cell membrane, nucleus and the cytoplasm. The cell membrane is semipermeable which is selective to what substances can enter the cell. It is composed of a phospholipid bilayer, proteins, and carbohydrates. The Nucleus which is coined as the control center of the cells. The nucleus contains the genetic material necessary for replication. The cytoplasm has organelles that are embedded at the cytosol. Organelles are double membraned and perform specific functions. Organelles include the Mitochondrium, lysosome, Golgi apparatus, and the like. The Mitochondrium, a sausage-shaped

organelle, is the powerhouse of the cell in which cell respiration takes place. The lysosome is responsible for digesting foreign and dead materials for it possess enzymes. The Golgi apparatus is the packaging center of the cell in which it prepares the materials to be transported in the form of vesicles. The cytoskeleton is responsible for the shape of the cell. Centrioles aid in cell division. Ribosomes, non-membranous organelle, is responsible for protein synthesis. The rough endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes proteins due to the presence of ribosomes in it. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes steroids and breaks down fats.

Lipids :3

• also known as fats.
• organic molecules insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol.
• contains C, H, O

comes in 2 groups

1. Complex- with fatty acids, saponifiable
2. Simple-withou fatty acid, nonsaponifiable

Complex lipids include waves, acyglycerol, phosphoglycerides, sphingolipids while simple lipids include terpenes, steriods and prostaglandins .

Proteins :DD

it is the most abundant organis molecules in cells .

proteins are of three types :

enzymes speeds the rate of chemical reaction

hormones reguates other parts of body

antibody protects body from antingen

amino acid bldg. blocks of proteins

amino acids are joined together by the peptide bonds.

The general structure of amino acid :

Sugar :DD

This I've learned about yhe molecules of sugar , different types of sugar and different shapes of the molecules of sugar .
I've learned that it could be arranged i acylic and in cyclic way .
I've also learned that complex sugar are made up of simpler sugar named as glucose , galactose and fructose .