ENDOCRiNE SYSTEM

~>> a series of organs and glands that secretes hormones

Hormones- chemical messengers released by endocrine glands

Steroids: powerful hormones

interact directly with the cells DNA

MAJOR ENDOCRiNE GLANDS

Hypothalamus- commander-in-chief

- controls pituitary gland and other glands

Pituitary- master gland

divided into 2:

Neurohypophysis- extension of hypothalamus

Andrenohypophysis-endocrine gland on its own

Thyroid gland-anterior portion of the neck

Parahyroid gland- its hormone regulates blood calcium in the blood dtream

Thymus gland- located in the upper thorax

Pineal gland- found in the brain

Pancreas- maintains blood sugar level

Adrenal Glands-pair of small glands sit on top of the kidney

has 2 types:

Adrenal medulla- middle of the gland

Andrenal cortex- secretes andrenocorticosteroids

Gonads- secretes male and female hormones

NERVOUS SYSTEM 2 :>

Brain ! :>

brain is divided into 3 parts, cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem.

CEREBRUM:

its surface has gyri(ridges) and sulcus (grooves) known as convulutions

which makes the large surface of the brain to fit in the head.

divided into parts the right and left hemisphere

it has 4 lobes:

1. frontal: motor, speech

2.parietal: sense perception, taste, speech

3.occipital: vision

4.temporal:emotions , hearing

insula- known to be as 5th lobe

- not seen

- coordinate autonomic functions

CEREBRUM:

• divided through cerebrum by transverse fissure
• sensory , motor coordination and balance
• also known as little brain

BRAiN STEM:

~receives sensory information

divided into 3 sections:

• medulla oblongata: impulses, heartbeat, breathing cardiovascular system, blood pressure
• pons: breathing
• midbrain: two-way conduction pathway, visual and auditory impulses

DiENCEPHALON

~section of the brain that is not visible from the exterior

divided into 4:

1.Thalamus-processes info. coming from the cerebrum

2.Hypothalamus- regulates hormone levels

3.Pineal Body- secretion of melatonin

4.Pituitary Gland-secretes hormones.

NERVOUS SYSTEM :>

Nervous system is divided into two parts CNS (brain and spinal cord) and PNS (nerve outside the cns) . The peripheral nervous system is further divided in two w/c depends on its function. The Somatic which focuses on skeletal muscle while autonomic in cardiac and smooth muscle and glands. Autonomic nervous system is divided into parasympathetic system which is responsible for nesting and digesting while sympathetic system is responsible for the flight or fight.

Nervous system is also build by tissues, nervous tissue differs in other tissue for it has no epithelium, connective tissue and muscle tissue. Nervous system has two types:

1. Neuroglia- specialized cells allowing nervous tissue o perform its function

CNS

• astrocytes- metabolic and support
• microglia- remove debris
• ependymal- covering and lining cavities
• oligodendrocytes- lipid insulation, production of myelin

PNS

• Schwann cells- produce myelin
• Satellite cells- support

2.Neurons-excitable cells that carries electrical charges

- control functions

• dendrites- receive information from the environment
• axon- generates and send information into other cells

Action potential

polarized cells- resting cells ( more negative inside the cell)

depolarized cells-more positive than resting

hyperpolarized-more negative than when its at rest

refractory period-time when cells can't accept stimulus

Impulse Conduction

~the speed is defined by the presence of myelin sheath and diameter of the axon.

Chemical Synapse

~nerve impulse imformation flow using nuerotransmitters.

spinal cord- is located in the hollow tube running inside the vertebral column from the foramen magnun to the 2nd lumbar.

meninges- protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

- cover the sensitive structure of the brain and spinal cord.

Divided into 3 layers:

1. dura mater: outermost layer of thick fibrous tissue

2.arachnoid mater- contains CSF, middle layer, composed of collagen and elastic fiber

3.pia mater: innermost layer, contains vessel

spaces between the layer of meninges:

1.epidural space-space between dura and vertebral, filled with fat and blood vessel

2.subdural space-between dura and arachnoid mater, filled with tiny bit of fluid

3.subarachnoid space-between arachnoid mater and pia mater, filled witg CSF

reflexes- simplest form of motor output

3 types:

1.withdrawal

2.vestibular

3.startle

Integumentary System

Our integumentary systems has a lot of function in our body such as:

• it protects from invasion of disease producing pathogens
• keeps the body from drying out
• acts as a storage for fatty tissue
• produces vitamin D
• provides sensory input
• regulates body temperature

The mani organ of the integumentary system is the skin, which is the largest oragan it has 3 layers namely.

1. Epidermis- made up of 5-6 layers
2. Dermis-also known as corium or tue skin
3. Sucutaneos Fascia-hypodermis,contains fat

Dermis contains 2 sweat glands, Apocrine and Eccrine

appocrine-secretes at the fair follicles of groins and anal regions as weel as armpits.

eccrine-regulate body temperature.

Integumentary system also includes the Nails and Hair.

Disorders of the Skeletal System

Disorders of the Integumentary System

1. Abrasion-mechanically scraping away a portion of the skin's layer.
2. Acne-oversecretion of sebum
3. Atlehete's Foot-occurs in areas of contionous moisture.
4. Bed Sore-lack of blood flow to skin that has pressure applied.
5. Boil-acute inflammantory
6. Cold Sore-fever blister, herpes simplex virus.
7. Dermititis-inflammatory process caused by irritants
8. Eczema-duperficial form of dermititis.
9. Hives-allergic reaction produces reddened patches.
10. Psoriaris-circular borders.
11. Scabies-caused by egg-laying mites.
12. Shingles-inflammatory condition onvolves nervous system.
13. Skin Cancer- has alot of types some of them are :

• Squamous cell carcinoma-develops depeer into the tissue
• Basal cell carcinoma-can be succesfully treated
• Malignant Melanoma- most serious and least sucessfully treated