Blood

carriers og nutrients, gases and waste.

2 parts

1. Plasma


2. Formed elements

• Red blood Cells


• Platelets


• White Blood Cells

White Blood Cell :

1. Polymorphonuclear granulocytes

• Neutrophils - immune defense


• Eosinophils - defense against parasites


• Basophils - involved with allergic reaction

2. mononuclear cells

• Monocytes - immune defense (phagocytes)


• Lymphocytes - unique cells

Lungs

Lungs has lobes 3 on the right and two on left because of the pressence of the heart.
Saclike respiratory organs in most vertebrates, occupying the chest cavity together with the heart and functioning to remove carbon dioxide from the blood and provide it with oxygen.
Has two parts bronchioles-branching tubes, and alveoli-air sacs in which gas exchanbge occurs

Blood Vessel

Artery/Arteioless- brings deoxygenated blood to the heart Vein/Venules-brings oxygenated blood to the heart Capillaries-exhange of blood happens

Eye

External Structure of the eye :

• coneshaped cavity formed by the skull


• houses and proteck the eyeball


• padded with faty tissue


• cushions and protects the eye from injury

Lacrimal apparatus-produces and stores tears

Lacrimal GLand-produces and transport tears

Conjuctiva-protective membrane

Internal Structures of the Eye:

• aqueous- water humor, bathes the iris, pupil, and lens, fill the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye


• Vitrous humor- clear, jelly-like fluid, occupies the entire eye cavity behind the lens

Eye Ball:

1. Sciera- outermost layer, tough fibrous tissue, protective shield, white of the eye, contains the cornea


2. Choroid- highly vascularized and pigmented


3. Retina- contains the nerve endings

Ears

The main function of the ear is responsible for hearing and maintaining our equilibrum or sense of balance. Structure of the Ear

• External ear- outer projection, has many shapes or sizes.

1. Pinna/Auricle- collectcs and directs sound waves


2. Auditory canal- contains cerumen


3. Eardrum- ends the external ear

• Middle ear- space that contains the smallest bone of the body

3 bones

1. Hammer/malleus


2. Anvil/incus


3. Stirrup/stapes

Eustachian- allow for air pressure on either side of the eardrum to be equalized

• Inner ear

1. Cochlea-bony spiral


2. Vestibule chamber-internal ear


3. semicircular

Heart

Heart is the main organ of the Cardiovascular System.

It isa the same size as your fist.

It is sorrouded by a serous, fibrous pericardium.

• outer layer-fibrous pericardium


• Inside parietal

Heart Wall

• visceral pericardium- epicardium


• middle layer- myocardium


• lining of the heart-endocardium

ENDOCRiNE SYSTEM

~>> a series of organs and glands that secretes hormones

Hormones- chemical messengers released by endocrine glands

Steroids: powerful hormones

interact directly with the cells DNA

MAJOR ENDOCRiNE GLANDS

Hypothalamus- commander-in-chief

- controls pituitary gland and other glands

Pituitary- master gland

divided into 2:

Neurohypophysis- extension of hypothalamus

Andrenohypophysis-endocrine gland on its own

Thyroid gland-anterior portion of the neck

Parahyroid gland- its hormone regulates blood calcium in the blood dtream

Thymus gland- located in the upper thorax

Pineal gland- found in the brain

Pancreas- maintains blood sugar level

Adrenal Glands-pair of small glands sit on top of the kidney

has 2 types:

Adrenal medulla- middle of the gland

Andrenal cortex- secretes andrenocorticosteroids

Gonads- secretes male and female hormones

NERVOUS SYSTEM 2 :>

Brain ! :>

brain is divided into 3 parts, cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem.

CEREBRUM:

its surface has gyri(ridges) and sulcus (grooves) known as convulutions

which makes the large surface of the brain to fit in the head.

divided into parts the right and left hemisphere

it has 4 lobes:

1. frontal: motor, speech

2.parietal: sense perception, taste, speech

3.occipital: vision

4.temporal:emotions , hearing

insula- known to be as 5th lobe

- not seen

- coordinate autonomic functions

CEREBRUM:

• divided through cerebrum by transverse fissure
• sensory , motor coordination and balance
• also known as little brain

BRAiN STEM:

~receives sensory information

divided into 3 sections:

• medulla oblongata: impulses, heartbeat, breathing cardiovascular system, blood pressure
• pons: breathing
• midbrain: two-way conduction pathway, visual and auditory impulses

DiENCEPHALON

~section of the brain that is not visible from the exterior

divided into 4:

1.Thalamus-processes info. coming from the cerebrum

2.Hypothalamus- regulates hormone levels

3.Pineal Body- secretion of melatonin

4.Pituitary Gland-secretes hormones.

NERVOUS SYSTEM :>

Nervous system is divided into two parts CNS (brain and spinal cord) and PNS (nerve outside the cns) . The peripheral nervous system is further divided in two w/c depends on its function. The Somatic which focuses on skeletal muscle while autonomic in cardiac and smooth muscle and glands. Autonomic nervous system is divided into parasympathetic system which is responsible for nesting and digesting while sympathetic system is responsible for the flight or fight.

Nervous system is also build by tissues, nervous tissue differs in other tissue for it has no epithelium, connective tissue and muscle tissue. Nervous system has two types:

1. Neuroglia- specialized cells allowing nervous tissue o perform its function

CNS

• astrocytes- metabolic and support
• microglia- remove debris
• ependymal- covering and lining cavities
• oligodendrocytes- lipid insulation, production of myelin

PNS

• Schwann cells- produce myelin
• Satellite cells- support

2.Neurons-excitable cells that carries electrical charges

- control functions

• dendrites- receive information from the environment
• axon- generates and send information into other cells

Action potential

polarized cells- resting cells ( more negative inside the cell)

depolarized cells-more positive than resting

hyperpolarized-more negative than when its at rest

refractory period-time when cells can't accept stimulus

Impulse Conduction

~the speed is defined by the presence of myelin sheath and diameter of the axon.

Chemical Synapse

~nerve impulse imformation flow using nuerotransmitters.

spinal cord- is located in the hollow tube running inside the vertebral column from the foramen magnun to the 2nd lumbar.

meninges- protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

- cover the sensitive structure of the brain and spinal cord.

Divided into 3 layers:

1. dura mater: outermost layer of thick fibrous tissue

2.arachnoid mater- contains CSF, middle layer, composed of collagen and elastic fiber

3.pia mater: innermost layer, contains vessel

spaces between the layer of meninges:

1.epidural space-space between dura and vertebral, filled with fat and blood vessel

2.subdural space-between dura and arachnoid mater, filled with tiny bit of fluid

3.subarachnoid space-between arachnoid mater and pia mater, filled witg CSF

reflexes- simplest form of motor output

3 types:

1.withdrawal

2.vestibular

3.startle